The dataset consists of phenotypic data (growth rate and fatty acid) of ten phytoplankton species from the groups diatom (Cyclotella sp. and Melosira sp.), golden algae (Synura sp. and Uroglena sp.), cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp. and Synechococcus sp.), green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Desmodesmus maximus), cryptophyte (Rhodomonas sp.), and dinoflagellate (Peridinium cinctum) cultivated at two different temperatures (18 and 23 °C) and two different phosphorus concentrations (0.65 and 2.58 µM P). In addition, scripts of statistical analysis and plotting of are given. For more detailed description, see the attached documentation.